What Goes Into Loan & Security Documentation for Private Lending Deals

Introduction

When a private lender provides funds outside traditional banking channels, the loan agreement and security documentation form the foundation of the entire deal. These documents define the borrower’s obligations and protect the lender’s position if repayment fails.

This article walks through the core document set — the facility agreement, registered mortgage, General Security Agreement, and personal guarantees — so private lenders understand what each document does, how they work together, and what can go wrong when documentation falls short.

Interactive Tool: Check If Your Loan & Security Documentation Is Protected

The Core Facility Agreement That Defines Your Loan

Commercial Terms Your Facility Agreement Must Address

A facility agreement must specify the principal amount and how funds are drawn — in one tranche or in stages — with any conditions to each advance clearly stated.

Interest terms require equal precision, including:

• the rate (fixed or variable);
• the calculation basis; and
• whether interest is payable periodically or capitalised.

An interest-only period, if applicable, should also be documented.

The repayment schedule must cover:

• payment frequency;
• due dates; and
• whether the loan is structured as interest-only, principal and interest, or a bullet repayment at maturity.

Fees — including establishment fees, line fees, and extension fees — should be specifically documented because undocumented fees are difficult to recover.

Default Provisions & Enforcement Rights That Protect Your Position

Events of default must be expressly listed in the facility agreement because these triggers will not be implied. Key events include:

• non-payment;
• breach of covenants;
• insolvency events; and
• misrepresentation.

Broadly drafted default clauses give a private lender more flexibility, while specific drafting reduces the borrower’s room to argue a default has not occurred.

On default, acceleration rights let the lender call the entire loan due immediately. Default interest at a higher rate is legitimate where clearly documented, though it is vulnerable to being deemed a penalty if not a genuine pre-estimate of damage. The agreement should also cross-reference all security documents taken, connecting default provisions to the lender’s enforcement toolkit.

How Registered Mortgages Secure Your Loan Against Real Property

What a Registered Mortgage Protects & How Priority Works

A registered mortgage over real property operates as a statutory charge on the land securing the debt, once it is recorded on the relevant state or territory land titles register under the Torrens system. Registration formally establishes the private lender’s priority over other creditors and prevents any dealings with the property — such as a sale — without the lender’s involvement.

An important principle of the Torrens system is that the registered mortgagee obtains indefeasible title, meaning the mortgagee’s interest is not defeated by existing defects in the proprietor’s title or other unregistered interests. On default, the mortgagee has the power to sell the property, though most jurisdictions require a prescribed default notice to be served before exercising that power. The mortgagee must also act in good faith and take reasonable care to obtain market value.

How Caveats & Loan-to-Value Ratios Affect Your Mortgage Position

Where a full mortgage cannot immediately be registered, a private lender may lodge a caveat over the property as interim protection. A caveat prevents further dealings with the title without the caveator’s knowledge. It provides meaningful protection while registration is being arranged, though it is not as strong as a registered mortgage.

The loan-to-value ratio (LVR) is the primary credit risk management tool in private lending. Private lenders typically lend at LVRs that leave a meaningful equity buffer against property value falls and enforcement costs. In addition, other essential steps for protecting the lender’s position include:

• obtaining an independent professional valuation; and
• confirming through title searches that no prior-ranking interests exist — such as existing mortgages, charges, writs, or warrants.

General Security Agreements & PPSR Registration for Personal Property

What a GSA Covers & When Your Lending Deal Requires One

A General Security Agreement (GSA) creates a security interest over personal property — all assets other than land — under the Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth) (‘PPSA‘). A GSA can cover both tangible and intangible property:

• Tangible assets: goods, inventory, equipment, vehicles, and machinery;
• Intangible property: intellectual property, contractual rights, shares, book debts, and bank accounts.

A GSA may also extend to all present and after-acquired property of the borrower.

The PPSA takes a functional approach: the form of the transaction matters less than whether its substantive effect is to secure payment or performance of an obligation. A GSA delivers greater value when the borrower is a business with tangible assets — plant, equipment, or stock — that can be sold if the loan is not repaid. However, PPSR registration will not perfect a security interest in land; a registered mortgage is required for that purpose.

PPSR Registration Deadlines & What Happens When You Miss Them

For a corporate security provider, the lender must register a financing statement on the Personal Property Securities Register (PPSR) within 20 business days of the security interest being granted. Pre-registering before financial close is often advantageous — under the general priority rule in the PPSA, the earlier registration prevails over a later one.

A security interest that has not been registered on the PPSR within the required timeframe may be void against a liquidator or other secured creditors if the borrower becomes insolvent. In addition, failure to register can render the security invalid and difficult to recover when recovery is needed. The lender may also lose priority to other creditors, since an unperfected security interest is ineffective against a liquidator.

Personal Guarantees & Additional Credit Support for Your Deal

When Director Guarantees Strengthen Your Lending Position

A personal guarantee from a director makes that director personally liable for the borrower’s obligations if the company cannot pay, giving a private lender a second path to recovery. When a private lender structures a business loan, one or more company directors or shareholders would be asked to offer a personal guarantee that the money be repaid.

Guarantees take effect as a secondary obligation dependent on the primary loan contract. The scope — including the amount guaranteed, duration, and events triggering liability — must be clearly documented.

To be legally enforceable, guarantees must be in writing and signed by the guarantor. Furthermore, the lender may limit the guarantee to a specific amount or duration.

Independent Legal Advice & Keeping Guarantees Legally Enforceable

Independent Legal Advice (ILA) is advice given by a lawyer to a guarantor, independently of the lender, about the nature and consequences of the documents being signed. Courts have set aside loan agreements, mortgages, and guarantees where the guarantor was found not to have understood what they were signing — particularly where there was an element of disadvantage, vulnerability, or imbalance in the relationship.

ILA is most critical in certain circumstances, including where:

• the guarantor is an individual;
• the guarantee is unlimited;
• the security includes a primary residence; or
• a personal relationship exists between borrower and guarantor.

Many private lenders now require ILA expressly rather than merely recommending it, because it is such a highly effective risk transfer mechanism.

How Your Loan & Security Documents Form One Enforceable Package

The Legal Connection Between Facility Agreement Mortgage & GSA

The facility agreement creates the debt obligation and should cross-reference every security document with a specific description of all security taken. The key security documents include:

• Registered mortgage: Secures real property on the state land titles register.
• GSA: Captures personal property and is perfected by registration on the PPSR.

A personal guarantee adds secondary recourse against directors. As noted earlier, PPSR registration does not perfect interests in land — the registered mortgage serves that purpose. The loan agreement and security must both be documented in writing, and the security interest will generally only be valid if provided at the same time the loan agreement is made.

Avoiding Gaps That Can Undermine Your Security Position

Security documents that do not match the specific type of loan or fail to adequately attach to the forms of security being provided can leave a private lender exposed — which is why it is prudent to have your documentation reviewed by experienced private lending lawyers. Documentation must also comply with all legal and regulatory requirements to avoid arrangements being unenforceable.

Several specific pitfalls can undermine a lender’s security position:

• A guarantee may be discharged by operation of law if the underlying loan contract is varied without the guarantor’s consent — such as an increase in the guaranteed amount.
• Keeping the financing statement description accurate and up to date on the PPSR is equally important.
• A security interest may also be voidable on grounds including:
  • failure to register within the required timeframe;
  • unfair preferences; or
  • uncommercial transactions.

What Happens When Loan & Security Documentation Falls Short

When Unregistered or Poorly Drafted Security Becomes Unenforceable

As discussed in the PPSR registration section above, an unperfected security interest is ineffective against a liquidator and loses priority to perfected interests. Separately, a security interest granted by a company within six months of liquidation that secures a pre-existing unsecured debt may be voidable as an unfair preference under the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) (‘Corporations Act‘). Guarantees face a parallel risk — as covered earlier, courts have set aside guarantees where the guarantor did not understand what they were signing.

Financial & Legal Consequences of Documentation Failures

If security is not properly perfected, the lender may be treated as an unsecured creditor in the borrower’s insolvency — ranking equally with other unsecured creditors and typically recovering far less.

Several other documentation failures can have significant consequences:

• Undocumented fees are difficult to recover.
• A security document that has not been duly stamped may be unenforceable and inadmissible as evidence in Australian courts.
• Making offers and preparing transaction documents can be a costly exercise, particularly if a prospective loan falls through after the bulk of the work has been completed — meaning the cost of getting security documentation wrong can be felt long before any default occurs.

Getting Your Private Lending Documentation Right

A private lending deal depends on four core documents working as one enforceable package:

• The facility agreement creates the debt obligation by recording the loan amount, interest rate, repayment terms, and events of default that trigger enforcement rights.
• A registered mortgage over real property locks in priority on the land titles register and prevents any dealing with the land without the lender’s involvement.
• A GSA, perfected by registration on the PPSR within 20 business days, secures personal property including equipment, inventory, and receivables under the PPSA.
• A personal guarantee from directors, supported by ILA, gives the lender a second path to recovery when the borrower company cannot pay.

Each document must be drafted to connect with the others. The facility agreement should cross-reference every security taken, and PPSR registrations must accurately describe the collateral.

A lender who engages experienced loan structuring and documentation lawyers to prepare their documentation at the outset protects their position against the consequences explored throughout this article — unenforceable security, lost priority, and the diminished recoveries that come with unsecured creditor status in an insolvency.

Conclusion

A well-documented private lending deal rests on four core documents — the facility agreement, registered mortgage, General Security Agreement perfected on the PPSR, and personal guarantees from directors — all drafted to function as one enforceable package. When these documents are professionally prepared and properly registered, a private lender maintains priority over other creditors and has clear enforcement rights when a borrower defaults.

Private lenders who invest in tailored security documentation at the outset avoid the costly consequences of unenforceable security, lost priority, and diminished recoveries. GRM Law works with private lenders across Queensland and Australia — contact our loan structuring and documentation lawyers to prepare loan and security documentation that protects your position from day one, so you can lend with confidence.

Frequently Asked Questions

Disclaimer: This is general information only and is not legal advice. For advice on your circumstances, contact GRM LAW.